Arbor
type: channel
language: en
publication name: Arbor
items: Assessing Phenotypic Traits of Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) Landraces in Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir
items: Quranic Teachings of Peace and Humanity: A Roadmap for a Just Global Order
items: Assessment of Heavy Metal (Cr, Cd and Pb) Content in Agricultural Soil, Water, And Spinach in Tehsil Baffa Pakhal, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
items: Integrating CALL-LAB and Traditional Lectures: Assessing Their Impact on Business Communication Students’ Understanding of Self-Perception and Perception of Others in Communication
items: Socialization Imprints on Genders: Coeducation System’s Impacts on Personalities of University’s Undergraduate Students
items: Beyond Borders: Fictional Representations of Syrian Refugee Crises in International Conflicts
items: The effects of the India’s Partition on selected Urdu short stories
items: Reproductive Labor and Women’s Resistance in How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia: A Marxist Feminist Reading from Silvia Federici’s Perspective
items: Younus Javed’s Short stories: A brief study
items: A Pragmatic Analysis of Commercial Signage in Jordanian Retail Stores
items: Global Technologies, Generation Gap and Civilizational Decline Narrative (In the Context of Zouqi's Novel "Poky Maan ki Dunya)
items: The Effect of Teaching English Language Skills to Non-Native Speakers Using Digital Books
items: Lexical Meaning in the English Language: Utilizing Natural Language Examples
items: The Dialectological Functional Categories (Tense and Aspect): The Bull’s Approach
items: Artificial Intelligence in Entrepreneurship Education: A Catalyst for Innovation, Personalization, and Growth
items: The Temporal Significance of the Verbal Forms in The poem of“Al-Munasa” by “Majnun Layla’’
items: Philosophical Presentation of Death in Muhammad Hameed Shahid's short stories collection “Aadmi”
items: The Methodology of Jurists in Deriving Legal Rulings from the Sunnah of Approval Sunnah Taqreeriyyah
items: A Study of Major Principles of Muslim Conceptual Society
items: Organizational Development, HRM, Islamic and Public Policy Perspective in Pakistan: Critical Study from 2018- 2023
items: The Political Economy of Health: International Evidences
items: Sovereign Wealth Fund Is an Economic Necessity for financial development
items: An Analysis of the State of Feminism in the United States Feminism in the UK Today
items: The Opinions of the Caliphs and Contemporary Jurists about the Limit of Drinking, the Limit of Adultery and the Limit of Qazaf
items: Pakistan is a Heaven for Minority: Myth or Reality?
items: Socio-Cultural Determinants of Domestic Violence against Women: A Case Study of Pakistan
items: Unveiling Radical Feminism: A Deconstruction of Male Representations in Hijabistan (2019)
items: Major Islamic Educational Institutions and their Contribution during Colonial Period in Indian Sub-Continent
items: Caroe and Howell's Analysis of Cultural Specific-Items and Translation Strategies used in the Translation of Khushal Khan Khattak's Poem, Khazan, Based on Newmark Model
items: Saudi Arabia - Iran Conflict in the Middle East: A Struggle for Regional Hegemony

Assessing Phenotypic Traits of Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) Landraces in Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir
type: item
description: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genetic improvement depends on the availability and proper characterization of diverse germplasm. The present study evaluated the morphological, phenological, and seed-related variation among 80 sunflower accessions, including lines and hybrids, grown under the agro-ecological conditions of Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Nineteen traits were recorded and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. ANOVA revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) among genotypes for all studied traits, indicating substantial phenotypic diversity. PCA explained 62.18% of the total variation within the first three principal components, with leaf traits, yield-related attributes, and thermal indices contributing most to overall variability. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five major clusters, further divided into minor subclusters, highlighting distinct performance patterns. Group I exhibited superior performance for yield-related traits, including higher 100-seed weight and seed size, while Group III showed the lowest growing degree days to flowering, suggesting better potential for hydric stress avoidance. Correlation analysis showed strong positive associations between yield components and vegetative traits, supporting their use in indirect selection. This results demonstrated the usefulness of phenotypic and multivariate analyses for identifying promising sunflower genotypes adapted to stress-prone environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., Muzaffarabad, phenotypic diversity, agro-ecological conditions, stress-prone environments
  topic: keywords
creator: Saima Ashraf
creator: Asia Bibi
creator: Nazia Shaheen
creator: Rabia Masood
creator: Khatiba Bibi
creator: Nadia Jabeen
creator: Rida Zameer
creator: Asma
creator: Masab Saeed
creator: Syed Azhar Shah Kazmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-12-20
publication date: 2025-12-20

Quranic Teachings of Peace and Humanity: A Roadmap for a Just Global Order
type: item
description: Quran gives peace, justice and dignity of humanity as the core of the balanced and harmonious society. Since the principle of la ikraha fid-deen (no compulsion to religion) to the command of justice even to the enemies (i Sudilu huwa Wihabat Taqwa), the Islamic lessons encourage the inclusive vision of respecting diversity and protecting human rights. The paper will discuss the ways in which the Quranic guidance could be used as the universal system to deal with contemporary problems of conflict, inequality, and social disintegration. It posits that the Islamic values which are based on the principles of peace, compassion, and justice can help to create the just world order where humankind will not be divided by the race, religion, and geographical locations. Returning to the classical ways of interpretation and exploring the modern ways to understand Islam, the work points towards the relevance of Islamic teachings as the means of providing ethical solutions to the sustainable peace and unity of humanity in the 21 st century. This study will be conducted to show that Quranic ethics are not specific to a particular culture, but a kind of universal guide to justice and peace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Qur’an, Peace, Humanity, Justice, Global Order, Harmony, Islamic Ethics
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mujahid Hussain
creator: Dr. Khadija Aziz
creator: Dr. Samina Begum
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18109772

Assessment of Heavy Metal (Cr, Cd and Pb) Content in Agricultural Soil, Water, And Spinach in Tehsil Baffa Pakhal, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
type: item
description: This study aimed to assess the levels of heavy metals in agricultural soil and spinach from the Baffa and Ichrian districts of Mansehra and evaluate their potential health risks to the human population. Soil samples were collected from various sites, and water physiochemical parameters were measured from the River Siran. Additionally, spinach samples were obtained from the exact locations for heavy metal analysis. The concentrations of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were determined using appropriate analytical techniques. The results revealed heavy metals in the soil samples, varying concentrations across different sites. The levels of Cd and Pb in spinach were within the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization for edible vegetables. However, the study detected higher levels of Cd in spinach from the Baffa district compared to Ichrian. The physicochemical parameters of water indicated relatively neutral pH values and low levels of total dissolved solids. Furthermore, a risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential noncancerous and cancerous health risks associated with heavy metal exposure. The findings suggested that children were more vulnerable to the adverse effects of heavy metals, experiencing higher health risks than adults. Based on the study's findings, it is recommended that regular monitoring programs be implemented to assess the levels of heavy metals in agricultural environments. Additionally, promoting good agricultural practices, such as minimizing chemical inputs and adopting organic farming methods, can help reduce heavy metal contamination in soil. Public awareness campaigns should be conducted to educate the local communities about the potential health risks and encourage safe practices. Strengthening regulations and guidelines related to heavy metal contamination is crucial to protect human health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Heavy Metals, Soil Contamination, Agricultural Soil, Environmental Pollution, Toxic Metal Detection, Sustainable Agriculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Syed Mubashar Hussain Gardazi
creator: Masab Saeed
creator: Asia Bibi
creator: Rabia Masood
creator: Noshin Shafqat
creator: Nadia Jabeen
creator: Rida Zameer
creator: Sadaf Ilyas Awan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-11-30
publication date: 2025-11-30

Integrating CALL-LAB and Traditional Lectures: Assessing Their Impact on Business Communication Students’ Understanding of Self-Perception and Perception of Others in Communication
type: item
description: This study examines the integration of a Computer-Assisted Language Learning Laboratory (CALL-LAB) with traditional lecture-based instruction in a Business Communication course, with a focus on developing students’ understanding of self-perception and perception of others in communication. Using a quantitative survey design supported by qualitative student reflections, data were collected from undergraduate business students to evaluate learning outcomes, engagement levels, confidence in communication, and real-world application of communication concepts. Results indicate that CALL-LAB made a significant positive contribution to students’ understanding of how self-perception influences communication and how others perceive them during interactions. Most students reported increased engagement and improved self-awareness through CALL-LAB activities such as simulations and role-plays. At the same time, traditional lectures were valued for providing theoretical clarity and structured learning support. The majority of respondents emphasized the effectiveness of a blended approach, noting that combining CALL-LAB with lectures offered a more comprehensive understanding of communication skills and enhanced confidence in professional communication. Some challenges were identified, including varying levels of engagement, occasional technical issues, and the need for more practical real-life communication scenarios. Overall, the findings suggest that integrating CALL-LAB with traditional pedagogy enriches communication learning and is strongly supported by students, making blended instruction a beneficial model for communication courses in higher education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: CALL-LAB, business communication, self-perception, blended learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Munaza Akhter
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17498535

Socialization Imprints on Genders: Coeducation System’s Impacts on Personalities of University’s Undergraduate Students
type: item
description: The very first revealed verses of Holy Qur’an over Last Prophet of God – Muhammad Peace Be Upon Him read as “Read in the name of your Lord who created. Created man from a clinging substance. Read, and your Lord is the most Generous—Who taught by the pen—Taught man that which he knew not.” (Qur’an: Surah Al-Iqra (Al-Alaq) - 96:1-5). Acquisition of education is the basic right, as well as, duty of every person, male and female, in society around globe. Core objectives of this empirical research are to investigate the impacts of coeducation on students’ socialization, education, personalities, and confidence level, and to give recommendations regarding making educational-environment better with regard to coeducation. The research method used in this study is descriptive, while quantitative analyses are made of the primary data. It was hypothesized that coeducation does have positive impacts on the personalities, education, socialization, and confidence level of universities’ students. A simple random sampling procedure was implemented, and onward the data was gathered from 15 female and 15 male respondents through questionnaire. The universe of the study was undergraduate students of Faculty of Social Sciences of Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan. Major findings of research have shown that majority respondents agreed that coeducation brought positive changes within their personalities, and it assured their personality development. It is suggested that coeducation institutions may take certain steps for improvement of students’ academic performance, the students’ socio-cultural diversities shall be considered, and it shall be assured that both genders receive equal and fair chances with respect to access of educational resources and opportunities. Our society is Islamic; we shall also develop the possibilities of establishing separate education institutions at university level for each gender. However, due to shortage of qualified facult…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: coeducation, development, gender, personality, social, socialization
  topic: keywords
creator: Professor Dr. Khanzadi Fatima Khattak
creator: Dr. Mamoon Khan Khattak
creator: Mr. Muhammad Adil
creator: Mr. Khalid Usman Khan Khattak
creator: Mr. Asad Ullah Khan
creator: Mr. Zubair Khan
creator: Aleena Bashir
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Arbor
date: 2022-12-31
publication date: 2022-12-31

Beyond Borders: Fictional Representations of Syrian Refugee Crises in International Conflicts
type: item
description: Research examines Syrian refugee literature in international confrontations through the analysis of Sea Prayer by Khaled Hosseini along with Escape from Syria by Samya Kullab and Exit West by Mohsin Hamid. The study evaluates how Syrian refugees experience life through literature and their capability to survive along with political and social aspects of their displacement. This research study uses qualitative approaches combined with postcolonial literary theory to assess narrative themes which focus mainly on identity and loss and hope throughout literary analysis. The researcher employs thematic analysis as a method to uncover significant findings from textual sources. The examined narratives succeed in personifying refugee stories because they establish basic human empathy between nations and challenge standard refugee operations. Literary representations should be incorporated into educational materials as well as policy development and humanitarian actions according to future expectations. Fictional literature serves as an important force to reshape public understanding about refugees along with their place in world conflicts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Syrian refugee crisis, displacement, resilience, postcolonial theory, empathy, literary analysis, global conflicts
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Zaheer Abbas
creator: Dr. Sajid Siddique Nizami
creator: Dr. Safeer Haider
creator: Dr. Assad Mehmood Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-10-17
publication date: 2025-10-17
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17381656

The effects of the India’s Partition on selected Urdu short stories
type: item
description: The partition of India was a great tragedy in itself, and its severe reaction came in the form of riots and a story of killing and destruction was created that has stained the pages of history. The people of one nation were thirsty for the honor and blood of the people of another nation. On the one hand, the Muslims living in India were migrating to Pakistan, leaving behind their homes, property and even their loved ones. On the other hand, the Hindus and Sikhs living in the Pakistani region were hastily heading to India to find refuge. The impact of such critical circumstances was visible in all spheres of human life. Its profound effects were also visible in the field of literature. Be it poems or prose, novels or short stories, a series of writings on partition and riots began. Our writers were not only recording the bloody story with their pens but were also doing the work of educating the mind with their writings. Among those who wrote on the issues of the Partition of India are Krishna Chandra, Saadat Hasan Manto, Ismat Chughtai, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Hayatullah Ansari, Quratul Ain Haider, Ram Lal, Khwaja Ahmed Abbas, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, and many more.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The partition of India, great tragedy, Saadat Hasan Manto, Ismat Chughtai, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Hayatullah Ansari, Quratul Ain Haider, Ram Lal, Khwaja Ahmed Abbas, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Farzana Riaz
creator: Dr. Ghazal Yaqub
creator: Niaz Ahmed
creator: Aleena Akhtar
creator: Zille Huma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.16958961

Reproductive Labor and Women’s Resistance in How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia: A Marxist Feminist Reading from Silvia Federici’s Perspective
type: item
description: This study analyzes Mohsin Hamid’s How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia using Silvia Federici’s (2004) Marxist feminist theory. The aim is to examine how the novel portrays women’s unpaid reproductive labor, their struggles within patriarchal systems, and the ways they resist these structures. The research uses Catherine Belsey’s textual analysis method to closely read and interpret the lives of four key female characters-the lead male character’s mother, sister, love interest (the Pretty Girl), and wife. The findings show that the novel offers a balanced portrayal. It reflects the invisible and exhausting domestic labor performed by women, often without recognition or compensation, which keeps them financially dependent. At the same time, it highlights women who resist traditional gender roles, such as the Pretty Girl and the wife, who work toward independence and self-determination. The novel, therefore, not only depicts oppression but also offers hope and models of female empowerment
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Silvia Federici, Marxist feminism, reproductive labor, patriarchy, Mohsin Hamid, How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia, textual analysis, women’s resistance, South Asian literature
  topic: keywords
creator: Munaza Akhter
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-07-14
publication date: 2025-07-14
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.16875405

Younus Javed’s Short stories: A brief study
type: item
description: Yunus Javed holds a prominent place in Urdu literature. His reputation is built upon his contributions as a short story writer, novelist, columnist, poet, researcher, and critic. His literary work reflects significant influences from the Progressive Writers' Movement and the Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq. A realist in the true sense, Dr. Yunus Javed’s short stories are deeply rooted in social realism. His narratives vividly portray the realities of human life, bringing to light the essence of social values, ethics, politics, psychological dilemmas, and societal structures. He is known for advocating women's rights, highlighting the plight of marginalized communities, and raising his voice against social injustices. His stories are not confined to a single ideology; rather, they depict the complexities of life, capturing its joys, sorrows, love, hatred, and everyday struggles with remarkable authenticity. His storytelling transcends local boundaries, addressing themes of global relevance. Dr. Yunus Javed is a socially conscious writer whose deep understanding of societal issues is reflected in his literary works. His short stories are not only a mirror to society but also a testament to his keen observational skills and profound intellectual depth. His narrative style blends artistic and philosophical dimensions, making his work both thought-provoking and aesthetically compelling. Younus Javed has been writing short story from the beginning. He has also written good novels and his sketches are no less important than any other sketch writer, but his primary importance is as a short story writer. The way he has observed the ups and downs of society and understood its problems is commendable. He keeps a close eye on the inequalities of society and reflects the problems very well. He has a side quality that is rare in others. He also has a touch of humor, which makes the stories more interesting. Therefore, the problems have to be described very carefully. For example, look at “A…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Younus Javed, Feminism, Poetry, Parveen Shakir, nineteenth century, women, Explitation.short story, novels, sketches, commendable, inequalities of society, “Ragun Mein Andhera”, “Andhera Ujala” Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq, social values, ethics, politics, psychological dilemmas, societal structures, women's rights.
creator: Dr. Saeeda Hussain Afridi
creator: Dr. Sadaf Fatima
creator: Parveen Kallu
creator: Dr. Muhammad Khalid Latif Sahil
creator: Nisar Ali
creator: Dr. Afsheen Shokat
creator: Dr. Muhammad Rahman
creator: Dr. Syed Azwar Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-05-29
publication date: 2025-05-29
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15540726

A Pragmatic Analysis of Commercial Signage in Jordanian Retail Stores
type: item
description: This current research endeavors to highlighting and analyses number samples of store signs, the used languge in the stores signs in Jordan . Language is a powerful tool for communication. It is necessitated that signs set up for promotions goods and services offered by the businesses that display them. Stores signs are considered for consumers and customers potential because see signs before they use the service that a business display , how the marketing of goods or services is lexicalized . The process includes datum collection collecting names of local stores signs And analysis of the used language and concern on the chosen language , the adjustment function of languages and the linguistic features of these store signs. The research process involves collecting data on the names of local store signs, followed by an analysis of the language used. This includes examining the choice of language, its function in communication, and the linguistic features of these signs, both semantically and lexicologically.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Communication, Lexicalization , Language adjustment , Semantics
  topic: keywords
creator: Tayseer Mansour Kanan
creator: Dr. Ibrahim Abdelfattah Almajali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-05-22
publication date: 2025-05-22
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15491615

Global Technologies, Generation Gap and Civilizational Decline Narrative (In the Context of Zouqi's Novel "Poky Maan ki Dunya)
type: item
description: The greatest characteristic of the 21st century novel is that today's novel is completely free. Free because it is expressing itself completely freely and naturally, without the restrictions of the reader's demands, the rules made by critics, and any ideology. A big name among these free-thinking writers is Musharraf Alam Zauqi. Zauqi is considered one of the most important novelists in Urdu. He proved his mettle in Urdu fiction through his creations. Instead of following the made-up rules of the novel, he created his own path and fit it into this frame. Musharraf Alam Zauqi had a passion for reading and writing since childhood. He grew up in an academic and literary family. He was not allowed to go out, so he became friends with books and at the age of just eleven he wrote a story "Jalte Bujhete Deep" for the radio and at the age of just seventeen he wrote his first novel "Oqab ki Aankhen". After his education, Zauqi took up the pen and never looked back. The subject of his novels was various topics such as socio-political issues, human life, life's preoccupations, corruption, political maneuvering, partition, women's issues, generation gap, globalization, etc. The great thing about Zauqi is that he has never repeated himself. Rather, he has appeared before us with a new topic every time and has forced the reader to think through his writings. This article is written about his novel "Poky Maan ki Dunya".
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Musharraf Alam Zauqi, 21st century, "Jalte Bujhete Deep", "Oqab ki Aankhen", corruption, political maneuvering, partition, women's issues, generation gap, globalization, "Poky Maan ki Dunya".
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Syeda Attiya Khalid
creator: Dr. Uzma Noreen
creator: Dr. Parveen Kallu
creator: Dr. Fahmeeda Tabassum
creator: Faria Dilshad Siddiqui
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18001118

The Effect of Teaching English Language Skills to Non-Native Speakers Using Digital Books
type: item
description: This current research endeavours to highlighting the impact of an using interactive e-book on teaching English language skills to non-native speakers (listening, speaking, Reading, and Writing). The findings exhibited that based on the evaluations of English teachers for non-native speakers for the importance of interactive e-book in terms of development the student language skills (listening, speaking, Reading, and Writing) were in a high levels. The result of the study found that there is a statistically appreciable impact of the demographical adjustable including gender, qualification, and experiment with varied levele in codes of the importance of interactive e-book at enhancing language skills (listening, speaking, Reading, Writing). Recommendations are highlighted to promote and encourage the use of e-book and future studies in This study examines the future of e book state and potential future of digital teaching , including enhanced eBooks, hypertext, interactivity, , augmented , data- and gesture-based manipulation, and other evolutional features of Using eBook in teaching english language skills.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Book, English language Skills, Non-Native Speakers , interactive strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahab Ahmad Al Maaytah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-05-20
publication date: 2025-05-20
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15476567

Lexical Meaning in the English Language: Utilizing Natural Language Examples
type: item
description: This paper centers on the various linguistic semantic terminologies in English. It seems to relate each terminology to a natural language . Different instances of support are showcased in two languages. emphasizing how lexical meanings are constructed and interpreted in both linguistic contexts. The primary languages are English A brief note on the language jurisdiction is also provided to motivate the research work. It begins with an overview of semantic theories and the significance of lexical semantics,. This study acts as a progression in scholarship to English- semantic-related phenomena. This research aims to formalize these semantic connections The researchers have considered it appropriate to formalize the semantic lexical concepts of English into a natural language with very resourceful examples.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Semantics, Lexical meaning, relations, binarity
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ibrahim abdelfattah Almajali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-04-27
publication date: 2025-04-27

The Dialectological Functional Categories (Tense and Aspect): The Bull’s Approach
type: item
description: Dialect variation uniquely blends language synchrony and diachrony (Walt W. and Natalie S., 2017). This study focuses on the Oǹdó dialect of Yorùbá, conducting a case study using data collected from selected native speakers. It identifies and analyzes the dialect's Tense and Aspectual markers and explores the interplay between Tense and Aspect in Oǹdó. To thoroughly examine this topic, the research utilizes Bull’s (1963) Analysis of Tense and Aspect, which assesses markers for these functional categories and their interpretations in relevant sentences. Additionally, the study looks at how negators in Oǹdó interact with Tense and Aspect. Bull’s framework is particularly valuable for this analysis because it emphasizes the meaning behind Tense and Aspect rather than just their forms. The findings indicate that Tense and Aspect are closely interconnected, making it challenging to distinguish one from the other.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dialectology, Functional Categories, Tense and Aspect, Bull’s Approach
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Shahab Ahmad Al Maaytah
creator: Joseph Philip Ayobami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-04-27
publication date: 2025-04-27

Artificial Intelligence in Entrepreneurship Education: A Catalyst for Innovation, Personalization, and Growth
type: item
description: This study investigates the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in entrepreneurship education, focusing on its influence on entrepreneurial innovation and growth through the mediating effect of personalized learning and the moderating role of student technological readiness and acceptance. Using data from 220 students at Pakistani universities, this research also used methods like Structural Equation Modeling and regression analyses. Despite theoretical support, none of the five hypothesized relationships (H1–H5) were statistically significant, indicating that AI integration alone does not directly impact entrepreneurial outcomes in this context. Limited exposure among students to these AI tools and this being early days in Pakistan may be an explanation for results like that. The study emphasizes the need for digital infrastructure, curriculum reforms, and educator training to unlock AI’s potential in entrepreneurship education. It enriches literature by rigorously testing and refining a broad framework of ideas, and at the same time, it gives policy prescriptions for how to make personalized learning arrangements better and more efficient in smaller countries. Future research directions include longitudinal and experimental studies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Entrepreneurship Education, Personalized Learning, & Technological Readiness
  topic: keywords
creator: Syed Rizwan Ali
creator: Syed Baqur Naqavi
creator: Shaikh Zunain
creator: Minhah Salahuddin
creator: Muhammad Faraz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-04-09
publication date: 2025-04-09

The Temporal Significance of the Verbal Forms in The poem of“Al-Munasa” by “Majnun Layla’’
type: item
description: This research aims to study the temporal and spatial significance of the verbal forms mentioned in the poem “Al-Munasa” by Majnun Layla; by relying on the linguistic contexts in which they appear. It is a love poem that the poet used to enjoy in his seclusion, and in which he recalls his past memories with Layla Al-Amiriya in different and varied situations. In general, it depicts the psychological and tragic state that the poet in love went through, especially after Layla married someone else. This research was divided into an introduction and four sections: In the first section, we talked about the mad poet and his poem Al-Mu'nasa. In the second section, we discussed the temporal significance of the past tense formفعل "fa'ala" in the poem. In the third section, we studied the temporal significance of the present tense form يفعل "yaf'al" through the contexts in which it appeared in the poem. As for the fourth section, we devoted it to studying the temporal and directional significances related to the imperative formإفعل "if'al". Then comes the conclusion, in which we recorded the most important results reached by this study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: significance - time - direction - context - form - verbs – Al-Mu'nasa poem
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr.Abdul saboor
creator: Abdullah Ismail Mega
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-03-26
publication date: 2025-03-26

Philosophical Presentation of Death in Muhammad Hameed Shahid's short stories collection “Aadmi”
type: item
description: The philosophy of death is very deep in short stories of Muhammad Hameed Shahid. He sees death not as just an end but as a new beginning. He says that death should not be feared but should be accepted as a new stage of life. If there is one thing that can be talked about with certainty, it is death. Life cannot be properly understood without keeping death in front of it. Life is protected by death. Until a certain moment, life is like a piece of food on which death is written on the other side. When life ends, the fear of death also ends. If death comes, it would fear death. If you tear a piece of paper, you will see both sides on which death is written. If you remove death, how attractive life seems to us in a universe that is changing breathlessly, while with death and destruction, not only life but also the existence of the universe itself begins to lose credibility. Death and life are eternal realities. When a person gets tired of life, he starts wishing for death. Muhammad Hameed Shahid has presented death as something that is going to end happiness. Whereas in this same death, i.e. misery. When a moment of happiness comes, it feels as if life has been a laughing affair. When those who tried to understand the reality of life first wanted to unravel the knot of the universe, the Steady State theory of the universe was initially considered correct. This view of a fixed and static universe was presented by Frel Hoyle in 1950, disproving the theories. George Gamon, at the same time, blew the petals of the static universe down and linked its birth to the concept of the Big Bang.This same Big Bang theory is still entrenched in the minds of scientists, but when the theory of the universe being scattered by this Big Bang comes before them, they keep on saying that this theory is our view, it is doomed to destruction. And Amar has conveyed the face of this death to Alban.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Muhammad Hameed Shahid, Philosophical presentation of death, “Aadmi”, George Gamon, Frel Hoyle, George Gamon, 1950, Big Bang, Alban.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Parveen Kallu
creator: Dr. Wajeeha Shaheen,
creator: Dr. Saira Batool
creator: Dr. Afsheen Shokat
creator: Dr. Aasma Rani
creator: Dr. Muhammad Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arbor
date: 2025-03-26
publication date: 2025-03-26

The Methodology of Jurists in Deriving Legal Rulings from the Sunnah of Approval Sunnah Taqreeriyyah
type: item
description: The methodology of jurists in deriving rulings from the Sunnah of Approval Sunnah Taqreeriyyah is an important topic that discusses how Islamic jurists deduce legal rulings based on actions and statements presented in the presence of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ without his objection. Sunnah Taqreeriyyah refers to those narrations in which an action or statement was brought before the Prophet ﷺ, and he did not object, which is taken as his tacit approval. Jurists first examine whether the action or statement presented before the Prophet ﷺ aligns with Islamic principles. If he remained silent, they consider it an endorsement of the act as valid. When deriving rulings from Sunnah Taqreeriyyah, jurists also take into account the context of the statement or action to ensure accurate application. They consider whether the ruling implied by the Sunnah Taqreeriyyah is general or specific. If it is for a specific circumstance, they apply it with caution to avoid generalization. Jurists also compare Sunnah Taqreeriyyah with other Hadiths and legal rulings to resolve any potential contradictions or differences. If direct rulings cannot be drawn from Sunnah Taqreeriyyah, they use consensus (ijma) and analogy (qiyas) to derive rulings. This approach highlights the scholarly depth and mastery of Islamic principles by jurists, allowing them to deduce legal issues with precision and careful consideration. A student can receive knowledge and wisdom from their teacher or mentor in three ways. First, by listening to their teacher's words and acting on them; second, by observing their actions closely and following their example; and third, by staying in the teacher's presence, performing various actions in their view, where the teacher may correct or endorse them, sometimes verbally and sometimes simply by remaining silent. This third method is termed as “approval.” The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ also used these three methods for the training and refinement of his companions, leaving an exemplary m…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Fareed Ud Din Tariq
creator: Dr. Ruqayya Akhthar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Arbor
date: 2024-03-15
publication date: 2024-03-15

A Study of Major Principles of Muslim Conceptual Society
type: item
description: This study explores the fundamental principles of a conceptual Muslim society, rooted in Islamic teachings and contemporary interpretations. It focuses on the significance of Tawhid (the oneness of God), the concept of Ummah (global Muslim community), and the role of Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia) in shaping societal norms. Key aspects such as social justice, equitable wealth distribution, and communal welfare, underscored by practices like Zakat (almsgiving), are examined. Additionally, the research addresses modern challenges and the integration of tradition with modernity, offering insights into the dynamics of Muslim societies in both historical and contemporary contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: collectivist religion, unity, community, sacrifice, society, principles of Islamic.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Shahbaz
creator: Muhammad Naimat Ullah
creator: Hafiz Muhammad Abdullah
creator: Farida Noreen
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30

Organizational Development, HRM, Islamic and Public Policy Perspective in Pakistan: Critical Study from 2018- 2023
type: item
description: This study provides a thorough analysis of the dynamics of organizational development (OD) and human resource management (HRM) in Pakistan from 2018 to 2023. In the context of a dynamic and ever-changing global business environment, organizations in Pakistan have encountered distinct difficulties and opportunities that have influenced their strategies for human resource management (HRM) and organizational growth. This study examines significant patterns, obstacles, and approaches utilized during this particular timeframe. The study offers a comprehensive examination of human resource management practices and organizational development initiatives in Pakistan. This study examines the influence of socioeconomic elements, political dynamics, and technical progress on human resource management (HRM) methods and the overall development of organizations. Also, it suggests that organizations operating in Pakistan have experienced notable changes in their HRM practices in response to the evolving business landscape. Prominent developments in the field include the adoption of talent analytics, digital human resources technologies, and the implementation of remote work policies. Moreover, the research emphasizes the significance of Human Resource Management (HRM) in promoting diversity and inclusion, integrating HRM strategies with business sustainability objectives, and addressing the well-being of the workforce. Additionally, it puts up strategic suggestions to effectively tackle these concerns. This resource offers useful insights to professionals and decision-makers, providing evidence-based recommendations for achieving sustainable growth and enhancing competitiveness within the dynamic global business environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organizational development, Human resource management, Pakistan, technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Syed Shameel Ahmed Quadri
creator: Ambreen Kamil
creator: Dr. Abdul Ghaffar
creator: Dr. Shamaila Athar
creator: Athar Azeem
creator: Dr. Muhammad Sher
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30

The Political Economy of Health: International Evidences
type: item
description: The critical political economy of health offers different explanations for the social causes of health and the social factors determining the distribution of these causes. However, the relational, post-anthropocentric and monist ontology of the new materialisms overcomes this complexity, while retaining a critical focus. In this perspective, the social, economic and political relations of capitalism act upon bodies and other matter in everyday events, rather than as ‘social structures’. Using a conceptual toolkit of ‘affect’, ‘assemblage’, ‘capacity’ and ‘micropolitics’, the paper asks the question: ‘what does capitalism do?’ The re-analysis of the social and economic relations of capitalism in terms of a production-assemblage and a market- assemblage reveals not only the workings of capitalist accumulation, but also how previously-unremarked more-than-human affects in these assemblages simultaneously produce uncertainty, waste and inequalities. This micropolitical economy of health is illustrated with examples from recent research, including a critical assessment of health inequalities during the Covid-19 pandemic.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: capitalism, health inequalities, micropolitics, new materialism, political economy
  topic: keywords
creator: Miguel Ángel
creator: Medina Romero
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30

Sovereign Wealth Fund Is an Economic Necessity for financial development
type: item
description: Our research “Work education towards Nai Talim practices among preservice teacher education programmes” Instruction is the key for improvement and thriving of any general public. Training is a cycle where learning includes three parts for example student, educational plan and instructors. Showing learning should zero in on youngsters social, moral, tasteful, hypothetical and professional turn of events. Keeping this in view, Mahatma Gandhi has given his concept of Nai Talim in an all-around figured way to deal with fundamental instruction. It is an all-around created reasoning of instruction dependent on analyze. On 31st July 1937, he distributed an article in Harijan with respect to his idea on Nai-Talim/Basic Education. It is a methodology dependent on standards prompts the absolute character improvement of body, brain and soul. This strategy fostered specific new highlights like innovativeness, design, style, propensities and advancement with dynamic realizing which movement based are. Gandhi said that information and work ought not be isolated. Both are between connected and reliant. Schooling is the most incredible asset to teach the worth of respect of work among kid and to foster different abilities. With the idea of essential schooling, MK Gandhi needs to update and apply the strategy and procedures in all degree of training for youth government assistance and advancement. So the reason for this paper is to make reflection of standards in Gandhi's Nai Talim and to concentrate on its importance of Nai Talim for youth advancement in present India.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Work Education, Towards Nai Talim, Practices, Among PreService, Teacher Education, Programmes,Strategy
  topic: keywords
creator: Jaya Cherian
creator: Mary George Varghese
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30

An Analysis of the State of Feminism in the United States Feminism in the UK Today
type: item
description: Feminism is the attempt to reduce or eliminate patriarchy, or male rule by birthright. While this struggle for gender equality may seem straightforward, there are different “strains” of feminism that advocate different approaches to achieving feminist goals. The prevailing literature surrounding the state of modern feminism is vast —- often varying by the author’s political values, age relative to the early women’s rights movements, and beliefs about whether or not sex-based equality has been achieved. This paper, developed primarily from scholarly literature about modern feminism, will integrate findings from interviews with six women (three who are current students at Gettysburg College and three who are recent college graduates in the workforce) about their perceptions of feminism in order to introduce a theory of Postfeminist Dualism that aims to describe the state of feminism today. Postfeminist Dualism posits that there exists a divide between women who work intersectionally to reclaim the liberatory nature of traditional feminism and those who use the principles of feminism to justify personal advancement. Keywords feminism, postfeminism, intersectionality, feminist theory, neoliberal feminism.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Haedar Akib
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30

The Opinions of the Caliphs and Contemporary Jurists about the Limit of Drinking, the Limit of Adultery and the Limit of Qazaf
type: item
description: Limits are Sharia punishments prescribed in Sharia for specific crimes. These punishments are clearly stated in the Qur'an and Sunnah, and the Caliphs followed them during their Caliphate. Contemporary jurists also discuss the enforcement of these limits and their rulings. Let's examine the opinions of the caliphs and contemporary jurists regarding the limit of drinking, limit of adultery and limit of qazaf. During the reign of Hazrat Umar, the punishment for drinking alcohol was set at 80 lashes. Before this, during the reign of Hazrat Abu Bakr, 40 lashes were given, but Hazrat Umar, with the advice of the Companions, fixed the punishment at 80 lashes. The difference between the jurists regarding the punishment for excessive drinking. is found. According to some jurists, 40 lashes are sufficient, while others consider 80 lashes to be better. However, the general opinion is that the Islamic government has the authority to determine the punishment according to the circumstances. During the time of Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Umar, the punishment for adultery was as described in the Qur'an. is: stoning (stoning) for a married adulteress and 100 lashes for an unmarried adulteress. Contemporary jurists also recognize the same principle that the punishment for adultery is stoning for a married adulterer and 100 lashes for an unmarried adulterer. For its implementation, conditions prescribed by the Shari'ah, such as the testimony of four witnesses or the confession of the guilty party, are necessary. During the reign of the Caliphs, the limit of Qazf was set at 80 lashes. Anyone who falsely accused another of adultery and could not prove his claim was punished. Contemporary jurists agree that the punishment for adultery is 80 lashes, which is clearly stated in the Quran Is. The purpose of this punishment is to prevent false accusations in the society and to protect the honor and dignity of people. The Caliphs followed the Qur'an and Sunnah in enforcing the limits and conte…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Opinions, Caliphs, Contemporary, Drinking, Jurists, Adultery, Punishments, Principles
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Fareed Ud Din Tariq
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Pakistan is a Heaven for Minority: Myth or Reality?
type: item
description: This study focuses on analyzing Pakistan’s political and social approaches toward its Christian minority in the light of “The Golden Legend” (2017) – a novel by Nadeem Aslam. Aslam is a member of a Pakistani diaspora community, this novel seems to posit that the government of Pakistan cannot safeguard the rights of religious minorities, and they are vulnerable socially, economically, and politically. Textual and contextual analysis shows that religious extremism of certain groups of people and the politics of identity that discriminates non-Muslims against Muslims has led to severe oppression of these people in the country. The study identifies social and political practices through which Christian minorities have been discriminated against. It also highlights their prevailing unfortunate situation in Pakistan and presents a deeper understanding of how the members of the Christian community are treated as subalterns who do not have a voice in Pakistan and how the rights of Christian minorities are violated, and the role politics play in the marginalization of these minorities. Nevertheless, it also points out how the novel provides a ray of hope for humanity to move forward; as Nadeem Aslam, commenting on the novel, quotes Shelley: “Hope creates from its own wreck, the thing it contemplates” Therefore, this study through the textual analysis of the novel and the contextual investigation serves as a contemplation of the mess created by religiopolitical activities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Minorities, marginalization, Christians, religious politics, extremism
  topic: keywords
creator: Noreen Shah
creator: Anila Masood
creator: Uzma Khalil
creator: Hunar Shah
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Socio-Cultural Determinants of Domestic Violence against Women: A Case Study of Pakistan
type: item
description: This research delves into the socio-cultural determinants influencing domestic violence against women in the specific context of Pakistan. With a focus on understanding the intricate interplay of societal and cultural factors, the study employs a qualitative research design incorporating primary and secondary data sources. Secondary data, sourced from books, research articles, and reports, provides a comprehensive backdrop to domestic violence in South Asia and Pakistan. Primary data is gathered through in-depth interviews with key informants, including affected women, social activists, and university students. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of domestic violence in Pakistan, encompassing physical, psychological, economic, and sexual dimensions. The patriarchal societal structure, coupled with factors like limited education and social stigmatization, emerges as significant contributors to domestic violence. Cultural influences, deeply entrenched in traditions and practices, play a pivotal role in triggering violence against women, particularly in rural and backward areas. The research also sheds light on the shortcomings of existing legal and family support systems in addressing domestic violence in Pakistan. In response to these insights, participants provide recommendations for addressing the issue, including cultural reforms, prohibition of traditional marriage practices, enhanced religious education, legal reforms, and increased educational and employment opportunities for women. Despite certain limitations such as a small sample size and a focus on Lahore, the study contributes valuable insights into the socio-cultural dynamics influencing domestic violence against women in Pakistan, enriching the broader discourse on gender-based violence in the region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Socio-Cultural, Determinants, Domestic Violence, Women, Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Zubaida Zafar
creator: Ms. Maria Jafar (Corresponding Author)
creator: Nasim Khan Mahsud
creator: Arfan Latif
creator: Nasir Iqbal
creator: Mazhar Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Unveiling Radical Feminism: A Deconstruction of Male Representations in Hijabistan (2019)
type: item
description: This investigation aims to analyze in detail how men are portrayed in Sabyn Javeri’s collection of short stories, Hijabistan (2019). This paper uses a radical feminist lens that is frequently criticized for its animosity towards men and support of a matriarchal social structure. The paper uses qualitative method of analysis for identifying recurrent themes, examining portrayals of men, and the use of gendered language and imagery. This examination of the selected short stories also serves as a critical evaluation of the radical feminist ideals. The results show a nuanced examination of male characters; some stories portray men as wise and powerful, while other stories take a more complex stance. The analysis also reveals instances in which animal imagery is used to represent or silence male characters, underscoring complex power dynamics. With the help of this research, we hope to advance a more nuanced and fair conversation that acknowledges the complexity of gender dynamics and refutes stereotypes of men as oppressors. Finally, by supporting a more expansive and all-encompassing viewpoint that recognizes the variety of experiences that men have and challenges accepted norms within feminist discourse, our research adds to the current discourse on feminism and gender equality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Representation of men, radical feminism, discourse, Hijabistan, power, animal imagery
  topic: keywords
creator: Noreen Shah
creator: Samina Ashfaq
creator: Nasira Fazil
creator: Hunar Shah
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Major Islamic Educational Institutions and their Contribution during Colonial Period in Indian Sub-Continent
type: item
description: This is an analytical study based on the historical method primarily deals with educational condition of the Indian Muslims after the end of their political authority in India with the failure of the war of Independence 1857.The anarchy during the latter Mughal dynasty in India proved a havoc for the Muslims of India and with the political downfall they also faced a cultural destruction regarding the socio-economic norms. Their cultural heritage and educational set up bitterly affected due to the policy of the government. The mistrust of Muslims against the colonial government marginalized the Muslims from education to illiteracy. After a serious unrest Muslim elites tried to reconsidered education as a compulsory component of their future and some renown personalities Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Molana Ahmad Raza Khan, Molana Qasim Nanotvi, Qazi Hamid-ul-Din, Barrister Tayib Gee,Hasan Ali Khan Afandi, Sahibzada Abdul Qayoom Khan, Molana Shibli, Abdul Hameed Dasti and Muhammad Ali Johar accepted the challenge of Muslim’s education and established educational institutions for social uplift of the Muslims. Among the most famous educational institutions MAO College, Dar-ul-Aloom Deoband, Jadwa-ul-Aloom, Sindh Madarsat-ul-Islam, Islamia College Delhi, Anjman-e-Islamias, Islamia College Peshawar, Anjman-e-Islamia Muzaffargarh, Anjman and Educational Conference Dera Ghazi Khan played a remarkable role in the promotion of Muslim’s education. The Paper highlights and explores the contribution of these educational contribution which might considered marvelous in Indian History.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Institutions, Education, Colonial, Muslims, Contribution, India, Literacy etc
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Naseem Akhter
creator: Prof. Dr. Matloob Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
creator: Dr. Nadia Mehrdin
creator: Zubair Hussain
creator: Dr. Sohail Akhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Caroe and Howell's Analysis of Cultural Specific-Items and Translation Strategies used in the Translation of Khushal Khan Khattak's Poem, Khazan, Based on Newmark Model
type: item
description: Translation is a complex cognitive and communicative process that involves transferring the sense and meaning of a text from one language to another, while also taking into account the cultural nuances and contextual elements that are inherent to the original language. The present research paper endeavors to elucidate the various translational strategies employed for the representation of culture-specific items, as per the framework proposed by Newmark. In order to fulfill the objective at hand, the researcher has gathered data from a renowned Pashto poem titled Khazan, authored by the esteemed Khushal Khan Khattak and subsequently translated into the English language. The identification and subsequent analysis of culture-specific elements within the target text are undertaken. The empirical evidence indicates that translators employ a variety of translation strategies, with a notable prevalence of the utilization of couplets and triplets. Various translation strategies have been identified in the literature, including paraphrase compensation, functional equivalence, synonymy, descriptive equivalence, componential analysis, cultural equivalence, and modulation. The findings of this study also indicate that the translational strategies under investigation exhibit inherent resistance. The utilization of culture-specific items in translation poses challenges for the readers of the target text. The translation of literary works, particularly poems, presents a formidable challenge for translators due to the intricate nature of their task. Translators bear the weighty responsibility of faithfully conveying not only the semantic content but also the aesthetic elements inherent in the source text.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Translation, Khazan, Pashto Language, English Language, Culture-Specific Items (CSI)
  topic: keywords
creator: Laila
creator: Kinza Saher
creator: Safina Mughal
creator: Rizwana Iqbal
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Saudi Arabia - Iran Conflict in the Middle East: A Struggle for Regional Hegemony
type: item
description: This article seeks to examine the existing state of chaos in the Middle East, which is exacerbated by Saudi Arabia and Iran's long-standing rivalry. When this conflicting relationship is taken into consideration for analysis, a wide range of factors come into play, including competing legitimacies, geostrategic interests, historical animosity, and religious and sectarian differences. Both states have significant involvement in proxy wars, direct and indirect, in Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Lebanon, and Bahrain. The rivalry between Riyadh and Tehran, which is fueled by both sectarianism and power politics combined, has definitely increased the likelihood of a new cold war, which is one of the dangerous factors defining regional politics. This article will also look at the fresh improvement in relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran and investigate China's role as a mediator in the peace agreement. Using the theoretical framework of Neoclassical Realism (NCR), the study examines the intricate dynamics of relations between Riyadh and Tehran, taking into account both foreign and domestic factors. The study examines the historical background of their tense relationship, which was fueled by proxy conflicts and geopolitical aspirations. China's role in mediating the peace agreement between Saudi Arabia and Iran highlights its strategic and security interest in the area and reaffirms its use of economic power to further diplomatic goals. The discussion then turns to Saudi Arabia's and Iran's reconciliation efforts and goals. The article concludes that there may be hope for stability in the Middle East as a result of Beijing’s mediation and the rapprochement between Riyadh and Tehran.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Proxy wars, geopolitical interests, great powers, rapprochement.
  topic: keywords
creator: Adil Khan
creator: Dr. Hassan Farooq Mashwani
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Arbor
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31